Abstract
Purpose Navigation in visually complex endoscopic environments requires an accurate and robust localisation system. This paper presents the single image deep learning based camera localisation method for orthopedic surgery.
Methods The approach combines image information, deep learning techniques and bone-tracking data to estimate camera poses relative to the bone-markers. We have collected one arthroscopic video sequence for four knee flexion angles, per synthetic phantom knee model and a cadaveric knee-joint.
Results Experimental results are shown for both a synthetic knee model and a cadaveric knee-joint with mean localisation errors of 9.66mm/0.85 degrees and 9.94mm/1.13 degrees achieved respectively. We have found no correlation between localisation errors achieved on synthetic and cadaveric images, and hence we predict that arthroscopic image artifacts play a minor role in camera pose estimation compared to constraints introduced by the presented setup. We have discovered that the images acquired for 90 degrees and 0 degrees knee flexion angles are respectively most and least informative for visual localisation.
Conclusion The performed study shows deep learning performs well in visually challenging, feature-poor, knee arthroscopy environments, which suggests such techniques can bring further improvements to localisation in Minimally Invasive Surgery.