Background

Eveningness chronotype—the tendency for later sleep and wake times—arises from a confluence of psychosocial, behavioral, and biological factors. With the onset and progression of puberty, many young people develop an eveningness chronotype, which remains prevalent through the transition into adulthood. Eveningness has been associated with increased risk for poorer health. While eveningness is modifiable, maintaining the necessary behavior changes can be challenging. The science on habits demonstrates that habit formation is a key mechanism for maintaining behavior change over time. Learning theory o!ers schedules of reinforcement that also hold promise for enhancing the maintenance of behavior change. The present study will evaluate the Habit-based Sleep Health Intervention (HABITs)—which combines the Transdiagnostic Intervention for Sleep and Circadian Dysfunction (TranS-C) with the science of habits—and a text message intervention informed by learning theory to attempt to sustainably modify the contributors to eveningness among young adults (18–30 years of age).

Methods

Participants (N = 160) will be randomly allocated to HABITs and HABITs + Texts. Both interventions include HABITs which involves three 50-min sessions followed by six 30-min sessions. Alongside the latter six sessions, HABITs + Texts will concurrently receive the text message intervention. Aims 1–3 will compare HABITs + Texts to HABITs on improvements in the outcomes of (1) utilization of sleep health behaviors and habit formation, (2) sleep and cir-cadian functioning, and (3) functioning in five health-relevant domains, in the short (post-treatment) and longer (6-month and 12-month follow-up) term. Exploratory analysis will (1) compare HABITs and HABITs + Texts on (a) if sleep health behavior habit formation mediates the e!ects of intervention on improvement in outcomes and (b) if intervention effects are moderated by select variables, and (2) to evaluate if HABITs (regardless of the text message intervention) is associated with an improvement in outcomes in the short and longer term.

Discussion

This study has the potential to advance knowledge on (1) the value of leveraging the science of habits and learning theory in behavior change interventions, (2) the use of a low-cost and efficient intervention for habit formation and maintenance, (3) interventions that address eveningness chronotype, and (4) processes related to behavior change during emerging adulthood.

Trial registration

Clinicaltrials.gov NCT05167695. Registered on December 22, 2021.