Blockchain technology is expected to have a disruptive impact on supply chain management. To date practical implementations are fewer than expected and insights into the critical success factors (CSFs) of blockchain implementation are limited. This study couples a systematic literature review (SLR) with expert insights captured through a Delphi study to answer the following research questions: 1) What are the CSFs for implementing blockchain technology in the supply chain? 2) How do supply chain management practitioners perceive the CSFs in supply chains? 28 success factors have been identified by SLR. The Delphi study was employed test if these are necessary and sufficient, and prioritise them. This study provides a novel theoretical framework for the CSFs of blockchain technology adoption. This study assists decision-makers and policymakers in understanding each CSFs’ significance and devising the appropriate strategies and policies to address implementation challenges.