Abstract
With the development of fifth-generation (5G) networks, the number of user
equipments (UE) increases dramatically. However, the potential health risks
from electromagnetic fields (EMF) tend to be a public concern. Generally, EMF
exposure-related analysis mainly considers the passive exposure from base
stations (BSs) and active exposure that results from the user's personal
devices while communicating. However, the passive radiation that is generated
by nearby devices of other users is typically ignored. In fact, with the
increase in the density of UE, their passive exposure to human bodies can no
longer be ignored. In this work, we propose a stochastic geometry framework to
analyze the EMF exposure from active and passive radiation sources. In
particular, considering a typical user, we account for their exposure to EMF
from BSs, their own UE, and other UE. We derive the distribution of the
Exposure index (EI) and the coverage probability for two typical models for
spatial distributions of UE, i.e., \textit{i)} a Poisson point process (PPP);
\textit{ii)} a Matern cluster process. Also, we show the trade-off between the
EMF exposure and the coverage probability. Our numerical results suggest that
the passive exposure from other users is non-negligible compared to the
exposure from BSs when user density is $10^2$ times higher than BS density, and
non-negligible compared to active exposure from the user's own UE when user
density is $10^5$ times the BS density.