Abstract
Deciding when and how to end an animal’s life are critical when managing its welfare. This chapter gives an overview of the use of nonhuman primates in science, and of the European regulations and the ethical perspective of justifying such use with a harm:benefit assessment. It reviews the definitions of a humane endpoint and considers how to set that endpoint to limit the harms by objectively assessing the animal’s welfare. The setting of humane endpoints should be incorporated into management systems with other considerations around the end of life of nonhuman primates, and applied to their use in other contexts, such as in zoos and sanctuaries.