Abstract
The European Union (EU) plans to decarbonise the region by 2050. As highlighted by the Green Deal and Farm to Fork Strategy, food systems are essential for this transition. We investigate the resource dependence and carbon emissions of the EU-27’s food systems from 2004 to 2014 via an Ecological-Footprint-Extended Multi-Regional Input-Output (EF-MRIO) approach, accounting for demand and supply (including trade), and considering multiple externalities. Food contributes towards almost a third of the region’s Ecological Footprint (EF), and appropriates over half of its biocapacity. Average reliance on biocapacity within national borders decreased while reliance on intra-EU biocapacity increased; yet a quarter of the biocapacity for food consumption originates from non-EU countries. Despite a reduction in both total EF and food EF over the study period, EU-27 residents demand more from nature than the region’s ecosystems can regenerate – highlighting the need for new or strengthened food and trade policies to enable a transformation to sustainable EU food systems.