Abstract
This study developed a fuzzy-stochastic program-ming with Green Z-score criterion (FSGZ) method for waterresources allocation and water quality management with atrading-mechanism (WAQT) under uncertainties. FSGZ canhandle uncertainties expressed as probability distributions,and it can also quantify objective/subjective fuzziness in thedecision-making process. Risk-averse attitudes and robustnesscoefficient are joined to express the relationship between theexpected target and outcome under various risk preferences ofdecision makers and systemic robustness. The developedmethod is applied to a real-world case of WAQT in theKaidu-Kongque River Basin in northwest China, where aneffective mechanism (e.g., market trading) to simultaneouslyconfront severely diminished water availability and degradedwater quality is required. Results of water transactionamounts, water allocation patterns, pollution mitigationschemes, and system benefits under various scenarios are an-alyzed, which indicate that a trading-mechanism is a more sustainable method to manage water-environment crisis inthe study region. Additionally, consideration of anthropogenic(e.g., a risk-averse attitude) and systemic factors (e.g., therobustness coefficient) can support the generation of a robustplan associated with risk control for WAQT when uncertaintyis present. These findings assist local policy and decisionmakers to gain insights into water-environment capacity plan-ning to balance the basin’s social and economic growth withprotecting the region’secosystems