Abstract
The contribution of non-exhaust emissions (NEEs) to particle number concentration (PNC) remains insufficiently quantified, particularly across different urban environments. In this study, we address this gap by quantifying the contribution of NEEs to airborne nanoparticles in urban areas. Using positive matrix factorisation (PMF), conditional probability function analysis, Pearson correlation, and source identification, we identified five source factors contributing to PNC at two sites in London: a traffic site and a background site. Five source factors were resolved at both sites: Aitken-mode traffic exhaust particles, nucleation-mode exhaust emission, secondary aerosol, non-exhaust emission, and regional background accumulation. Interestingly, the contribution of NEEs differed between the two sites. At the traffic site, NEEs contributed 14.9%, while at the background site, their contribution was higher at 28.5%, likely due to the favourable summer dispersion conditions. However, the contribution of nucleation-mode exhaust emission also showed significant differences: 26.6% at the traffic site and only 9.9% at the background site. Based on these findings, we propose that air quality policies should integrate NEEs into regulations, improve road maintenance, and use PNC-based along with metal tracers to identify and control PNC. This study offers valuable insights for developing strategies to manage urban nanoparticle pollution.