Abstract
A reduction in sleep spindles, a major electrophysiological characteristic of Non-Rapid Eye Movement sleep, has been suggested as a potential biomarker of schizophrenia. While research has primarily focused on the spindle quantity, recent studies have begun to explore their temporal dynamics throughout the night. In healthy individuals, sleep spindles fluctuate on an infraslow ∼50-second timescale, alternating between phases of high and low spindle activity. This fluctuation is referred to as the infraslow fluctuation of sigma power (ISFS), which is modulated by noradrenergic activity from the locus coeruleus and linked to the organization of arousal and memory reactivation processes during sleep. Given the known deficit in sleep spindles, dysregulation of noradrenergic activity, and impairments in sleep maintenance and memory in schizophrenia, this study investigates the ISFS in sleep electroencephalography data from individuals with either Childhood-Onset Schizophrenia (COS; N = 17) or Early-Onset Schizophrenia (EOS; N = 11), aged 9 to 21 years, alongside age- and sex-matched healthy controls (N = 56). The presence and strength of the ISFS were reduced in both COS and EOS groups compared to controls, particularly in central-parietal electrodes. No significant differences in these features of the ISFS were found between the two clinical groups, despite group differences in sleep spindle density and clinical characteristics. These findings suggest that the ISFS is observable but reduced in young patients with schizophrenia and support the notion that the timing of sleep spindles may inform pathomechanistic models of the disorder, as well as future diagnostic approaches and interventions.