Abstract
The EnFlo stratified-flow wind tunnel is described, and the parameterization of stable atmospheric boundary layers in the context of wind turbines and stability classification is given, as are the scaling constraints for stratified-flow wind tunnel experiments. Wake measurements of mean velocity, Reynolds stresses, and turbulent heat flux were made for three mild stable states, including overlying inversion, and the neutral state. The depth of the atmospheric boundary layer was kept constant, and so the results show the effect of change in stability alone, without the change in scale that would also arise in full scale measurements, an advantage provided by wind tunnel experiments. The simulated boundary-layer wind-speed profile is the same in each case, its height slightly exceeding the blade-tip top height, and the velocity deficit at the turbine is also the same in each, implying a constant thrust coefficient. In the near wake the momentum deficit rises more rapidly in the stable cases, and stays higher further downstream where it is subsequently reduced by turbulent mixing. The wake grows less rapidly in the vertical direction in the stable cases, both above and below the hub height, the height above growing still less rapidly with an imposed inversion, while the height below is unaffected by the inversion. The wake width is largely unaffected by stability. Stability reduces the Reynolds stresses in the wake over and above the reduction in the undisturbed flow; there is not a simple superposition. In the lower part of the wake the stresses are not affected by the inversion, while they are in the upper part. Turbulent heat flux is increased in the bulk of the wake, more so with an inversion, but is reduced to the surface and unaffected by an inversion. (c) 2024 Author(s). All article content, except where otherwise noted, is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).