Mapping disparities in education across low- and middle-income countries

Nicholas Graetz; Lauren Woyczynski; Katherine F. Wilson; Jason B. Hall; Kalkidan Hassen Abate; Foad Abd-Allah; Oladimeji M. Adebayo; Victor Adekanmbi; Mahdi Afshari; Olufemi Ajumobi; Tomi Akinyemiju; Fares Alahdab; Ziyad Al-Aly; Jacqueline Elizabeth Alcalde Rabanal; Mehran Alijanzadeh; Vahid Alipour; Khalid Altirkawi; Mohammadreza Amiresmaili; Nahla Hamed Anber; Catalina Liliana Andrei; Mina Anjomshoa; Carl Abelardo T. Antonio; Jalal Arabloo; Olatunde Aremu; Krishna K. Aryal; Mehran Asadi-Aliabadi; Suleman Atique; Marcel Ausloos; Ashish Awasthi; Beatriz Paulina Ayala Quintanilla; Samad Azari; Alaa Badawi; Joseph Adel Mattar Banoub; Suzanne Lyn Barker-Collo; Anthony Barnett; Neeraj Bedi; Derrick A. Bennett; Natalia V. Bhattacharjee; Krittika Bhattacharyya; Suraj Bhattarai; Zulfiqar A. Bhutta; Ali Bijani; Boris Bikbov; Gabrielle Britton; Roy Burstein; Zahid A. Butt; Rosario Cardenas; Felix Carvalho; Carlos A. Castaneda-Orjuela; Franz Castro; Ester Cerin; Jung-Chen Chang; Michael L. Collison; Cyrus Cooper; Michael A. Cork; Farah Daoud; Rajat Das Gupta; Nicole Davis Weaver; Jan-Walter De Neve; Kebede Deribe; Beruk Berhanu Desalegn; Aniruddha Deshpande; Melaku Desta; Meghnath Dhimal; Daniel Diaz; Mesfin Tadese Dinberu; Shirin Djalalinia; Manisha Dubey; Eleonora Dubljanin; Andre R. Duraes; Laura Dwyer-Lindgren; Lucas Earl; Mohammad Ebrahimi Kalan; Ziad El-Khatib; Babak Eshrati; Mahbobeh Faramarzi; Mohammad Fareed; Andre Faro; Seyed-Mohammad Fereshtehnejad; Eduarda Fernandes; Irina Filip; Florian Fischer; Takeshi Fukumoto; Jose A. Garcia; Paramjit Singh Gill; Tiffany K. Gill; Philimon N. Gona; Sameer Vali Gopalani; Ayman Grada; Yuming Guo; Rajeev Gupta; Vipin Gupta; Arvin Haj-Mirzaian; Arya Haj-Mirzaian; Randah R. Hamadeh; Samer Hamidi; Mehedi Hasan; Hamid Yimam Hassen; Delia Hendrie; Andualem Henok; Nathaniel J. Henry; Bernardo Hernandez Prado; Claudiu Herteliu; Michael K. Hole; Naznin Hossain; Mehdi Hosseinzadeh; Guoqing Hu; Olayinka Stephen Ilesanmi; Seyed Sina Naghibi Irvani; Sheikh Mohammed Shariful Islam; Neda Izadi; Mihajlo Jakovljevic; Ravi Prakash Jha; John S. Ji; Jost B. Jonas; Zahra Jorjoran Shushtari; Jacek Jerzy Jozwiak; Tanuj Kanchan; Amir Kasaeian; Ali Kazemi Karyani; Peter Njenga Keiyoro; Chandrasekharan Nair Kesavachandran; Yousef Saleh Khader; Morteza Abdullatif Khafaie; Ejaz Ahmad Khan; Mona M. Khater; Aliasghar A. Kiadaliri; Daniel N. Kiirithio; Yun Jin Kim; Ruth W. Kimokoti; Damaris K. Kinyoki; Adnan Kisa; Soewarta Kosen; Ai Koyanagi; Kewal Krishan; Barthelemy Kuate Defo; Manasi Kumar; Pushpendra Kumar; Faris Hasan Lami; Paul H. Lee; Aubrey J. Levine; Shanshan Li; Yu Liao; Lee-Ling Lim; Stefan Listl; Jaifred Christian F. Lopez; Marek Majdan; Reza Majdzadeh; Azeem Majeed; Reza Malekzadeh; Mohammad Ali Mansournia; Francisco Rogerlandio Martins-Melo; Anthony Masaka; Benjamin Ballard Massenburg; Benjamin K. Mayala; Kala M. Mehta; Walter Mendoza; George A. Mensah; Tuomo J. Meretoja; Tomislav Mestrovic; Ted R. Miller; G. K. Mini; Erkin M. Mirrakhimov; Babak Moazen; Dara K. Mohammad; Aso Mohammad Darwesh; Shafiu Mohammed; Farnam Mohebi; Ali H. Mokdad; Lorenzo Monasta; Yoshan Moodley; Mahmood Moosazadeh; Ghobad Moradi; Maziar Moradi-Lakeh; Paula Moraga; Lidia Morawska; Shane Douglas Morrison; Jonathan F. Mosser; Seyyed Meysam Mousavi; Christopher J. L. Murray; Ghulam Mustafa; Azin Nahvijou; Farid Najafi; Vinay Nangia; Duduzile Edith Ndwandwe; Ionut Negoi; Ruxandra Irina Negoi; Josephine W. Ngunjiri; Cuong Tat Nguyen; Long Hoang Nguyen; Dina Nur Anggraini Ningrum; Jean Jacques Noubiap; Malihe Nourollahpour Shiadeh; Peter S. Nyasulu; Felix Akpojene Ogbo; Andrew T. Olagunju; Bolajoko Olubukunola Olusanya; Jacob Olusegun Olusanya; Obinna E. Onwujekwe; Doris D. V. Ortega-Altamirano; Eduardo Ortiz-Panozo; Simon Overland; P. A. Mahesh; Adrian Pana; Songhomitra Panda-Jonas; Sanghamitra Pati; George C. Patton; Norberto Perico; David M. Pigott; Meghdad Pirsaheb; Maarten J. Postma; Akram Pourshams; Swayam Prakash; Parul Puri; Mostafa Qorbani; Amir Radfar; Fakher Rahim; Vafa Rahimi-Movaghar; Mohammad Hifz Ur Rahman; Fatemeh Rajati; Chhabi Lal Ranabhat; David Laith Rawaf; Salman Rawaf; Robert C. Reiner; Giuseppe Remuzzi; Andre M. N. Renzaho; Satar Rezaei; Aziz Rezapour; Carlos Rios-Gonzalez; Leonardo Roever; Luca Ronfani; Gholamreza Roshandel; Ali Rostami; Enrico Rubagotti; Nafis Sadat; Ehsan Sadeghi; Yahya Safari; Rajesh Sagar; Nasir Salam; Payman Salamati; Yahya Salimi; Hamideh Salimzadeh; Abdallah M. Samy; Juan Sanabria; Milena M. Santric Milicevic; Benn Sartorius; Brijesh Sathian; Arundhati R. Sawant; Lauren E. Schaeffer; Megan F. Schipp; David C. Schwebel; Anbissa Muleta Senbeta; Sadaf G. Sepanlou; Masood Ali Shaikh; Mehran Shams-Beyranvand; Morteza Shamsizadeh; Kiomars Sharafi; Rajesh Sharma; Jun She; Aziz Sheikh; Mika Shigematsu; Soraya Siabani; Dayane Gabriele Alves Silveira; Jasvinder A. Singh; Dhirendra Narain Sinha; Vegard Skirbekk; Amber Sligar; Badr Hasan Sobaih; Moslem Soofi; Joan B. Soriano; Ireneous N. Soyiri; Chandrashekhar T. Sreeramareddy; Agus Sudaryanto; Mu'awiyyah Babale Sufiyan; Ipsita Sutradhar; Pn Sylaja; Rafael Tabares-Seisdedos; Birkneh Tilahun Tadesse; Mohamad-Hani Temsah; Abdullah Sulieman Terkawi; Belay Tessema; Zemenu Tadesse Tessema; Kavumpurathu Raman Thankappan; Roman Topor-Madry; Marcos Roberto Tovani-Palone; Bach Xuan Tran; Lorainne Tudor Car; Irfan Ullah; Olalekan A. Uthman; Pascual R. Valdez; Yousef Veisani; Francesco S. Violante; Vasily Vlassov; Sebastian Vollmer; Giang Thu Vu; Yasir Waheed; Yuan-Pang Wang; John C. Wilkinson; Andrea Sylvia Winkler; Charles D. A. Wolfe; Tomohide Yamada; Alex Yeshaneh; Paul Yip; Engida Yisma; Naohiro Yonemoto; Mustafa Z. Younis; Mahmoud Yousefifard; Chuanhua Yu; Sojib Bin Zaman; Jianrong Zhang; Yunquan Zhang; Sanjay Zodpey; Emmanuela Gakidou; Simon I. Hay; Local Burden Dis Educ Attainment C

doi:10.1038/s41586-019-1872-1

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Mapping disparities in education across low- and middle-income countries

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Mapping disparities in education across low- and middle-income countries

Nicholas Graetz, Lauren Woyczynski, Katherine F. Wilson, Jason B. Hall, Kalkidan Hassen Abate, Foad Abd-Allah, Oladimeji M. Adebayo, Victor Adekanmbi, Mahdi Afshari, Olufemi Ajumobi, …

Nature (London), Vol.577(7789), pp.235-238

09/01/2020

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-019-1872-1

PMCID: PMC7015853

PMID: 31875853

Abstract

Multidisciplinary Sciences

Science & Technology

Science & Technology - Other Topics

Analyses of the proportions of individuals who have completed key levels of schooling across all low- and middle-income countries from 2000 to 2017 reveal inequalities across countries as well as within populations. Educational attainment is an important social determinant of maternal, newborn, and child health(1-3). As a tool for promoting gender equity, it has gained increasing traction in popular media, international aid strategies, and global agenda-setting(4-6). The global health agenda is increasingly focused on evidence of precision public health, which illustrates the subnational distribution of disease and illness(7,8); however, an agenda focused on future equity must integrate comparable evidence on the distribution of social determinants of health(9-11). Here we expand on the available precision SDG evidence by estimating the subnational distribution of educational attainment, including the proportions of individuals who have completed key levels of schooling, across all low- and middle-income countries from 2000 to 2017. Previous analyses have focused on geographical disparities in average attainment across Africa or for specific countries, but-to our knowledge-no analysis has examined the subnational proportions of individuals who completed specific levels of education across all low- and middle-income countries(12-14). By geolocating subnational data for more than 184 million person-years across 528 data sources, we precisely identify inequalities across geography as well as within populations.

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Title: Mapping disparities in education across low- and middle-income countries
Creators: Nicholas Graetz - University of Washington
Lauren Woyczynski - University of Washington
Katherine F. Wilson - University of Washington
Jason B. Hall - University of Washington
Kalkidan Hassen Abate - Jimma University
Foad Abd-Allah - Cairo University
Oladimeji M. Adebayo - College Station Medical Center
Victor Adekanmbi - Cardiff University
Mahdi Afshari - Zabol University
Olufemi Ajumobi - University of Nevada Reno
Tomi Akinyemiju - Duke University
Fares Alahdab - Mayo Clin Fdn Med Educ & Res, Evidence Based Practice Ctr, Rochester, MN USA
Ziyad Al-Aly - College Station Medical Center
Jacqueline Elizabeth Alcalde Rabanal - Natl Inst Publ Hlth, Ctr Hlth Syst Res, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico
Mehran Alijanzadeh - College Station Medical Center
Vahid Alipour - College Station Medical Center
Khalid Altirkawi - King Saud University
Mohammadreza Amiresmaili - College Station Medical Center
Nahla Hamed Anber - Mansoura University
Catalina Liliana Andrei - College Station Medical Center
Mina Anjomshoa - College Station Medical Center
Carl Abelardo T. Antonio - University of the Philippines Manila
Jalal Arabloo - College Station Medical Center
Olatunde Aremu - Birmingham City University
Krishna K. Aryal - ABT Associates Nepal, Monitoring Evaluat & Operat Res Project, Lalitpur, Nepal
Mehran Asadi-Aliabadi - College Station Medical Center
Suleman Atique - University of Ha'il
Marcel Ausloos - Bucharest Univ Econ Studies, Dept Stat & Econometr, Bucharest, Romania
Ashish Awasthi - Publ Hlth Fdn India, Indian Inst Publ Hlth, Gurugram, India
Beatriz Paulina Ayala Quintanilla - La Trobe University
Samad Azari - College Station Medical Center
Alaa Badawi - Publ Hlth Agcy Canada, Publ Hlth Risk Sci Div, Toronto, ON, Canada
Joseph Adel Mattar Banoub - Alexandria University
Suzanne Lyn Barker-Collo - University of Auckland
Anthony Barnett - Australian Catholic University
Neeraj Bedi - College Station Medical Center
Derrick A. Bennett - University of Oxford
Natalia V. Bhattacharjee - University of Washington
Krittika Bhattacharyya - Natl Inst Biomed Genom, Dept Stat & Computat Genom, Kalyani, W Bengal, India
Suraj Bhattarai - Global Inst Interdisciplinary Studies, Dept Global Hlth, Kathmandu, Nepal
Zulfiqar A. Bhutta - University of Toronto
Ali Bijani - College Station Medical Center
Boris Bikbov - Ist Ric Farmacol Mario Negri IRCCS, Ranica, Italy
Gabrielle Britton - Inst Invest Cient & Serv Alta Tecnol INDICASAT AI, Ctr Neurosci, Panama City, Panama
Roy Burstein - University of Washington
Zahid A. Butt - University of Waterloo
Rosario Cardenas - Metropolitan Autonomous Univ, Dept Populat & Hlth, Mexico City, DF, Mexico
Felix Carvalho - Universidade do Porto
Carlos A. Castaneda-Orjuela - Natl Inst Hlth, Colombian Natl Hlth Observ, Bogota, Colombia
Franz Castro - Mécanique et Engrenage Moderne
Ester Cerin - Australian Catholic University
Jung-Chen Chang - College Station Medical Center
Michael L. Collison - University of Washington
Cyrus Cooper - University of Southampton
Michael A. Cork - University of Washington
Farah Daoud - University of Washington
Rajat Das Gupta - University of South Carolina
Nicole Davis Weaver - University of Washington
Jan-Walter De Neve - Heidelberg University
Kebede Deribe - Supreme Council Of Health
Beruk Berhanu Desalegn - Hawassa University
Aniruddha Deshpande - University of Washington
Melaku Desta - Debre Markos University
Meghnath Dhimal - Nepal Hlth Res Council, Hlth Res Sect, Kathmandu, Nepal
Daniel Diaz - Autonomous University of Sinaloa
Mesfin Tadese Dinberu - Debre Berhan University
Shirin Djalalinia - College Station Medical Center
Manisha Dubey - World Food Programme
Eleonora Dubljanin - University of Belgrade
Andre R. Duraes - Supreme Council Of Health
Laura Dwyer-Lindgren - University of Washington
Lucas Earl - University of Washington
Mohammad Ebrahimi Kalan - Florida Int Univ, Epidemiol Dept, Miami, FL 33199 USA
Ziad El-Khatib - Karolinska Institutet
Babak Eshrati - College Station Medical Center
Mahbobeh Faramarzi - College Station Medical Center
Mohammad Fareed - Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic Univ, Coll Med, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
Andre Faro - Univ Fed Sergipe, Dept Psychol, Sao Cristovao, Brazil
Seyed-Mohammad Fereshtehnejad - Karolinska Institutet
Eduarda Fernandes - Universidade do Porto
Irina Filip - Kaiser Permanente
Florian Fischer - Bielefeld University
Takeshi Fukumoto - Kobe University
Jose A. Garcia - Ramon de la Fuente Muniz Natl Inst Psychiat, Mexico City, DF, Mexico
Paramjit Singh Gill - University of Warwick
Tiffany K. Gill - University of Adelaide
Philimon N. Gona - Univ Massachusetts, Nursing & Hlth Sci Dept, Boston, MA 02125 USA
Sameer Vali Gopalani - University of Oklahoma
Ayman Grada - Boston University
Yuming Guo - Monash University
Rajeev Gupta - Rajasthan Univ Hlth Sci, Acad & Res Dept, Jaipur, Rajasthan, India
Vipin Gupta - University of Delhi
Arvin Haj-Mirzaian - University of Tehran
Arya Haj-Mirzaian - University of Tehran
Randah R. Hamadeh - Arabian Gulf University
Samer Hamidi - Hamdan Bin Mohammed Smart University
Mehedi Hasan - BRAC University
Hamid Yimam Hassen - Mizan Tepi University
Delia Hendrie - Curtin University
Andualem Henok - Mizan Tepi University
Nathaniel J. Henry - University of Washington
Bernardo Hernandez Prado - United Nations
Claudiu Herteliu - Bucharest Univ Econ Studies, Dept Stat & Econometr, Bucharest, Romania
Michael K. Hole - Univ Texas Austin, Dept Pediat, Austin, TX 78712 USA
Naznin Hossain - College Station Medical Center
Mehdi Hosseinzadeh - Islamic Azad Univ, Dept Comp Engn, Tehran, Iran
Guoqing Hu - Cent South Univ, Dept Epidemiol & Hlth Stat, Changsha, Peoples R China
Olayinka Stephen Ilesanmi - University of Ibadan
Seyed Sina Naghibi Irvani - Shahid Beheshti University
Sheikh Mohammed Shariful Islam - Deakin University
Neda Izadi - Shahid Beheshti University
Mihajlo Jakovljevic - College Station Medical Center
Ravi Prakash Jha - Banaras Hindu University
John S. Ji - Duke Kunshan University
Jost B. Jonas - Heidelberg University
Zahra Jorjoran Shushtari - Univ Social Welf & Rehabil Sci, Social Determinants Hlth Res Ctr, Tehran, Iran
Jacek Jerzy Jozwiak - College Station Medical Center
Tanuj Kanchan - College Station Medical Center
Amir Kasaeian - University of Tehran
Ali Kazemi Karyani - College Station Medical Center
Peter Njenga Keiyoro - University of Nairobi
Chandrasekharan Nair Kesavachandran - Jordan Univ Sci & Technol, Dept Publ Hlth, Irbid, Jordan
Yousef Saleh Khader - Jordan Univ Sci & Technol, Dept Publ Hlth, Irbid, Jordan
Morteza Abdullatif Khafaie - College Station Medical Center
Ejaz Ahmad Khan - Biostat
Mona M. Khater - Cairo University
Aliasghar A. Kiadaliri - Lund University
Daniel N. Kiirithio - Synotech Consultants, Res & Data Solut, Nairobi, Kenya
Yun Jin Kim - Xiamen University Malaysia
Ruth W. Kimokoti - Simmons University
Damaris K. Kinyoki - University of Washington
Adnan Kisa - Supreme Council Of Health
Soewarta Kosen
Ai Koyanagi - CIBERSAM, San Juan Dios Sanitary Pk, St Boi De Llobregat, Spain
Kewal Krishan - Panjab University
Barthelemy Kuate Defo - Université de Montréal
Manasi Kumar - University of Nairobi
Pushpendra Kumar - Int Inst Populat Sci, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
Faris Hasan Lami - University of Baghdad
Paul H. Lee - Supreme Council Of Health
Aubrey J. Levine - University of Washington
Shanshan Li - Monash University
Yu Liao - Sun Yat-sen University
Lee-Ling Lim - Univ Malaya, Dept Med, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
Stefan Listl - Radboud University Nijmegen
Jaifred Christian F. Lopez - Alliance Improving Hlth Outcomes Inc, Quezon City, Philippines
Marek Majdan - Trnava Univ, Dept Publ Hlth, Trnava, Slovakia
Reza Majdzadeh - University of Tehran
Azeem Majeed - Imperial Coll London, Dept Primary Care & Publ Hlth, London, England
Reza Malekzadeh - University of Tehran
Mohammad Ali Mansournia - University of Tehran
Francisco Rogerlandio Martins-Melo - Fed Inst Educ Sci & Technol Ceara, Campus Caucaia, Caucaia, Brazil
Anthony Masaka - Botho University
Benjamin Ballard Massenburg - University of Washington
Benjamin K. Mayala - University of Washington
Kala M. Mehta - Biostat
Walter Mendoza - United Nations
George A. Mensah - Shiraz University
Tuomo J. Meretoja - Monash University
Tomislav Mestrovic - Zhengzhou University
Ted R. Miller - Mahatma Gandhi Univ Med Sci & Technol, Dept Med, Jaipur, Rajasthan, India
G. K. Mini - College Station Medical Center
Erkin M. Mirrakhimov - College Station Medical Center
Babak Moazen - Heidelberg Univ, Heidelberg Inst Global Hlth, Heidelberg, Germany
Dara K. Mohammad - Salahaddin University-Erbil
Aso Mohammad Darwesh - Univ Human Dev, Dept Informat Technol, Sulaimaniyah, Iraq
Shafiu Mohammed - Heidelberg Univ, Heidelberg Inst Global Hlth, Heidelberg, Germany
Farnam Mohebi - University of Tehran
Ali H. Mokdad - University of Washington
Lorenzo Monasta - Burlo Garofolo Inst Maternal & Child Hlth, Clin Epidemiol & Publ Hlth Res Unit, Trieste, Italy
Yoshan Moodley - University of KwaZulu-Natal
Mahmood Moosazadeh - College Station Medical Center
Ghobad Moradi - College Station Medical Center
Maziar Moradi-Lakeh - College Station Medical Center
Paula Moraga - University of Bath
Lidia Morawska - Queensland University of Technology
Shane Douglas Morrison - University of Washington
Jonathan F. Mosser - University of Washington
Seyyed Meysam Mousavi - University of Tehran
Christopher J. L. Murray - University of Washington
Ghulam Mustafa - College Station Medical Center
Azin Nahvijou - University of Tehran
Farid Najafi - Biostat
Vinay Nangia - Suraj Eye Institute
Duduzile Edith Ndwandwe - South African Med Res Council, Cochrane South Africa, Cape Town, South Africa
Ionut Negoi - College Station Medical Center
Ruxandra Irina Negoi - College Station Medical Center
Josephine W. Ngunjiri - University of Embu
Cuong Tat Nguyen - Duy Tan University
Long Hoang Nguyen - Trường ĐH Nguyễn Tất Thành
Dina Nur Anggraini Ningrum - Univ Negeri Semarang, Publ Hlth Dept, Kota Semarang, Indonesia
Jean Jacques Noubiap - Shiraz University
Malihe Nourollahpour Shiadeh - College Station Medical Center
Peter S. Nyasulu - Stellenbosch University
Felix Akpojene Ogbo - Universidade do Porto
Andrew T. Olagunju - McMaster University
Bolajoko Olubukunola Olusanya - Start
Jacob Olusegun Olusanya - Start
Obinna E. Onwujekwe - University of Nigeria, Nsukka
Doris D. V. Ortega-Altamirano - Natl Inst Publ Hlth, Ctr Hlth Syst Res, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico
Eduardo Ortiz-Panozo - Natl Inst Publ Hlth, Ctr Populat Hlth Res, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico
Simon Overland - Norwegian Inst Publ Hlth, Div Mental & Phys Hlth, Bergen, Norway
P. A. Mahesh - College Station Medical Center
Adrian Pana - Bucharest Univ Econ Studies, Dept Stat & Econometr, Bucharest, Romania
Songhomitra Panda-Jonas - Heidelberg Univ, Augenpraxis Jonas, Heidelberg, Germany
Sanghamitra Pati - College Station Medical Center
George C. Patton - University of Melbourne
Norberto Perico - Ist Ric Farmacol Mario Negri IRCCS, Bergamo, Italy
David M. Pigott - University of Washington
Meghdad Pirsaheb - College Station Medical Center
Maarten J. Postma - University of Groningen
Akram Pourshams - University of Tehran
Swayam Prakash - College Station Medical Center
Parul Puri - Int Inst Populat Sci, Populat Studies, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
Mostafa Qorbani - College Station Medical Center
Amir Radfar - College Station Medical Center
Fakher Rahim - College Station Medical Center
Vafa Rahimi-Movaghar - University of Tehran
Mohammad Hifz Ur Rahman - Int Inst Populat Sci, Dept Publ Hlth & Mortal Studies, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
Fatemeh Rajati - College Station Medical Center
Chhabi Lal Ranabhat - Policy Res Inst, Kathmandu, Nepal
David Laith Rawaf - Imperial Coll London, WHO, Collaborating Ctr Publ Hlth Educ & Training, London, England
Salman Rawaf - Imperial Coll London, Dept Primary Care & Publ Hlth, London, England
Robert C. Reiner - University of Washington
Giuseppe Remuzzi - Ist Ric Farmacol Mario Negri IRCCS, Bergamo, Italy
Andre M. N. Renzaho - Western Sydney University
Satar Rezaei - College Station Medical Center
Aziz Rezapour - College Station Medical Center
Carlos Rios-Gonzalez - Nihon Gakko Univ, Res Directorate, Fernando De La Mora, Paraguay
Leonardo Roever - Yonsei University
Luca Ronfani - Burlo Garofolo Inst Maternal & Child Hlth, Clin Epidemiol & Publ Hlth Res Unit, Trieste, Italy
Gholamreza Roshandel - University of Tehran
Ali Rostami - College Station Medical Center
Enrico Rubagotti - Colombian Corporation for Agricultural Research - AGROSAVIA
Nafis Sadat - University of Washington
Ehsan Sadeghi - College Station Medical Center
Yahya Safari - College Station Medical Center
Rajesh Sagar - College Station Medical Center
Nasir Salam - Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic Univ, Dept Pathol, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
Payman Salamati - University of Tehran
Yahya Salimi - Biostat
Hamideh Salimzadeh - University of Tehran
Abdallah M. Samy - Ain Shams University
Juan Sanabria - Marshall University
Milena M. Santric Milicevic - University of Belgrade
Benn Sartorius - University of Washington
Brijesh Sathian - College Station Medical Center
Arundhati R. Sawant - University of Alabama
Lauren E. Schaeffer - University of Washington
Megan F. Schipp - University of Washington
David C. Schwebel - University of Alabama
Anbissa Muleta Senbeta - Jigjiga University
Sadaf G. Sepanlou - University of Tehran
Masood Ali Shaikh
Mehran Shams-Beyranvand - Supreme Council Of Health
Morteza Shamsizadeh - College Station Medical Center
Kiomars Sharafi - College Station Medical Center
Rajesh Sharma - Supreme Council Of Health
Jun She - Jönköping University
Aziz Sheikh - University of Edinburgh
Mika Shigematsu - Natl Inst Infect Dis, Tokyo, Japan
Soraya Siabani - College Station Medical Center
Dayane Gabriele Alves Silveira - Universidade de Brasília
Jasvinder A. Singh - University of Alabama
Dhirendra Narain Sinha - Supreme Council Of Health
Vegard Skirbekk - Norwegian Inst Publ Hlth, Ctr Fertil & Hlth, Bergen, Norway
Amber Sligar - University of Washington
Badr Hasan Sobaih - King Saud University
Moslem Soofi - College Station Medical Center
Joan B. Soriano - Autonomous University of Madrid
Ireneous N. Soyiri - University of Edinburgh
Chandrashekhar T. Sreeramareddy - College Station Medical Center
Agus Sudaryanto - Muhammadiyah University of Surakarta
Mu'awiyyah Babale Sufiyan - Ahmadu Bello University
Ipsita Sutradhar - BRAC University
Pn Sylaja - College Station Medical Center
Rafael Tabares-Seisdedos - Universitat de València
Birkneh Tilahun Tadesse - Hawassa University
Mohamad-Hani Temsah - King Saud University
Abdullah Sulieman Terkawi - University of Virginia
Belay Tessema - University of Gondar
Zemenu Tadesse Tessema - University of Gondar
Kavumpurathu Raman Thankappan - University of Kerala
Roman Topor-Madry - Jagiellonian University
Marcos Roberto Tovani-Palone - University of Sao Paulo
Bach Xuan Tran - College Station Medical Center
Lorainne Tudor Car - Supreme Council Of Health
Irfan Ullah - Gomal Univ, Gomal Ctr Biochem & Biotechnol, Dera Ismail Khan, Pakistan
Olalekan A. Uthman - University of Warwick
Pascual R. Valdez - College Station Medical Center
Yousef Veisani - Ilam University
Francesco S. Violante - University of Bologna
Vasily Vlassov - Supreme Council Of Health
Sebastian Vollmer - Harvard University
Giang Thu Vu - Trường ĐH Nguyễn Tất Thành
Yasir Waheed - College Station Medical Center
Yuan-Pang Wang - University of Sao Paulo
John C. Wilkinson - University of Washington
Andrea Sylvia Winkler - University of Oslo
Charles D. A. Wolfe - Supreme Council Of Health
Tomohide Yamada - The University of Tokyo
Alex Yeshaneh - Wolkite University
Paul Yip - University of Hong Kong
Engida Yisma - Addis Ababa University
Naohiro Yonemoto - Natl Ctr Neurol & Psychiat, Dept Psychopharmacol, Tokyo, Japan
Mustafa Z. Younis - Jackson State University
Mahmoud Yousefifard - Shahid Beheshti University
Chuanhua Yu - Wuhan University
Sojib Bin Zaman - Monash University
Jianrong Zhang - Supreme Council Of Health
Yunquan Zhang - Wuhan University
Sanjay Zodpey - Publ Hlth Fdn India, Indian Inst Publ Hlth, Gurugram, India
Emmanuela Gakidou - United Nations
Simon I. Hay - University of Washington
Local Burden Dis Educ Attainment C
Publication Details: Nature (London), Vol.577(7789), pp.235-238
Publisher: NATURE PORTFOLIO
Number of pages: 4
Date published: 09/01/2020
Grant note: OPP1132415 / Bill AMP; Melinda Gates Foundation; CGIAR
Identifiers: 99777921602346
Academic Unit: School of Sustainability, Civil and Environmental Engineering
Language: English
Resource Type: Journal article

Mapping disparities in education across low- and middle-income countries

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