Abstract
Metastatic Renal Cell Carcinoma (mRCC) is a highly heterogeneous disease that is notoriously difficult to treat successfully. However, the discovery of novel, targeted therapies over the last decade has revolutionized its management. As the therapeutic options continue to evolve, developing a more individualized treatment strategy is of paramount importance. The International mRCC Database Consortium (IMDC) is a prognostic model that is commonly used in trials and clinical settings to risk stratify patients. This allows for optimal therapy selection on a more individual basis. However, the distinct lack of validated predictive biomarkers in mRCC renders it difficult to assess therapy response. An improved understanding of tumor biology and genetics has prompted a shift from cytokine therapy to the use of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) inhibitors, tyrosine kinase Inhibitors, immune checkpoint inhibitors or combination strategies. Studies have identified some putative markers and genetic mutations as potential predictors of therapy response. Early results are promising, and there are many ongoing trials further assessing their suitability for clinical use. This review will evaluate the current treatment landscape and molecular biology of mRCC, with a specific focus on the prognostic and predictive markers available to guide treatment options and further improve patient outcomes.