Abstract
Cancer-related cognitive decline is a common problem. Many cancer treatments can contribute to problems with cognition. Immune checkpoint inhibitors have changed the face of cancer treatments in today’s world, yet the adverse effects of these treatments are still emerging, and little is understood about how they affect older adults. The impact of these treatments on cognitive function should be explored. This review aims to explore the existing research in this area. The findings of this review suggest that further research exploring the effects of immune checkpoint inhibitors on cognitive function should be undertaken. In particular, research methods and cognitive assessments used should be standardised. Furthermore, the cognitive effects of these treatments in older adults should be studied in greater detail.
Cancer-related cognitive decline refers to a deterioration in cognitive function affecting adults with cancer at any stage of their cancer journey. Older adults are at increased risk of cognitive decline. As the indications for immune checkpoint inhibitors expand in the treatment of cancer, understanding the potential complicating cognitive issues experienced by those receiving this therapy will be important. The aim of this scoping review is to identify the literature regarding immune checkpoint inhibitors and subjective/objective decline, to identify evidence in older adults, differences between older and younger adults, and outline areas for further research. Four large electronic databases were searched. Records were screened using standardised methodology. Ten studies were identified that met the inclusion criteria for review. Six studies objectively evaluated cognitive function in adults receiving ICI treatment; eight studies performed subjective cognitive assessments. There were differences identified in the cognitive assessment tools used and the methodology between studies. Few studies reported on age-dependent findings. The results of this scoping review highlight the need for further research in this area using standardised methodology and testing, with a particular focus on the cognitive outcomes of older adults who may be at increased risk of developing cognitive decline while on treatment.