Abstract
Green infrastructure (GI) is known to reduce road air pollution exposure, but their implementation in schools and associated benefits remain under-researched. In this study, two GI solutions, green screen and green gate, were co-designed and installed at a primary school in Guildford using collaborative and participatory methods. By assessing changes in air pollution levels, noise, and public perception before and after GI installation, we aimed to understand their impact on reducing children's exposure and evaluate other co-benefits. Without considering wind direction's effect, a maximum reduction of up to 32 %, 10 % and 12 % in the average daily concentration of PM10 (green gate), PM2.5 (green screen) and PM1 (green gate), respectively, when compared with in-front concentration. The decay in concentration decreases with distance from the GI, and different wind directions result in varying percentage reductions in PM concentration. For the green screen, ‘parallel to the screen’ and for the green gate, ‘away from the gate’ wind directions provided the highest PM reduction. The horizontal abatement efficiency of GI varied with PM size, with the highest being PM10. Continuous monitoring behind the green screen revealed a decrease in PM concentration after installation, and this relative concentration varied from 0.29 to 0.90 compared to before installation. The green gate effectively lowered noise by 5 dB(A), and the green screen did not report a noticeable impact on noise levels. Most parents perceived the installation of GI in school as significantly decreasing air pollution exposure and slightly reducing noise levels, resembling the changes in their levels observed in monitoring. The successful co-creation and co-implementation of GI interventions and resulting co-benefits underscore the importance of community engagement and participatory approaches in urban planning and environmental management. This study paves the way for the wider-scale application of innovative strategies involving local communities, stakeholders, and policymakers in implementing GI projects to ensure their sustainability and effectiveness.
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•This co-designed and participatory study installed the first living green gate and hedges around the school perimeter.•Green gate reduced PM10, PM2.5, PM1 and noise by 32 %, 19 %, 12 % and 5 dB(A), respectively.•Green screen reduced PM10, PM2.5, and PM1 by 31 %, 10 %, and 6 %, respectively.•PM reduction decreased with distance and had no impact from GI after 25-36 m.•PM reduced by 44 % (wind flowing away from green gate) and 42 % (wind flowing parallel to green screen).