Abstract
Internal compartmentalization of metals is an important metal tolerance mechanism in many organisms. In plants and fungi, sequestration into the vacuole is a major detoxification mechanism for metals. Cation transport into the vacuole can be mediated by CAX (cation exchanger) transporters. The Arabidopsis thaliana AtCAX2 transporter was shown previously to transport Ca2+, Cd2+ and Mn2+. To assess the conservation of the functional and regulatory characteristics of CAX2-like transporters in higher plants, we have characterized AtCAX2 orthologues from Arabidapsis (AtCAX5), tomato (LeCAX2) and barley (HvCAX2). Substrate specificity and regulatory activity were assessed using a yeast heterologous-expression assay. Each CAX could transport. Ca2+ and Mn2+ into the yeast vacuole, but they each had different cation transport kinetics. Most notably, there was variation in the regulation of the transporters. As found with AtCAX2 previously, only expression of all N-terminally truncated form of AtCAX5 in yeast was able to mediate Ca2+ and Mn2+ transport, indicating that activity may be controlled by ail autoregulatory region at the N-terminus. In contrast, either full-length or truncated LeCAX2 could efficiently transport Ca2+, although Mn2+ transport was controlled by the N-terminus. HvCAX2 did not appear to possess an N-terminal regulatory domain. Expression of AtCAX2 was not significantly modulated by metal stress; however, AtCAX5 and HvCAX2 were transcriptionally up-regulated by high Mn2+ treatment, and by Ca2+ and Na+ stress respectively. It is therefore apparent that, despite the high sequence identity between plant CAX2 orthologues, there is significant diversity in their functional characteristics, particularly with regard to regulatory mechanisms.