Abstract
The growing demand for sustainable energy and CO2 mitigation has spurred significant interest in lithium–CO2 (Li–CO2) electrochemistry. This innovative technology offers a compelling combination of high-energy-density storage and efficient CO2 utilization. However, their practical application is limited by poor reversibility, short cycle life and low capacity, primarily due to the sluggish kinetics of CO2 reduction/evolution reactions during the battery's discharge-charge process. To address these challenges, extensive research has focused on the development of highly efficient cathode materials and electrocatalysts capable of accelerating reaction kinetics and improving overall battery performance. This review provides a comprehensive analysis of recent advances in cathodic materials, including carbon-based catalysts, noble and transition metal catalysts, perovskite oxides, and porous organic frameworks, highlighting their design principles, structural features, and impact on electrochemical performance. Finally, current challenges, unresolved issues, and future research directions are discussed to guide the development of practical, high-performance rechargeable Li–CO2 batteries.