Abstract
Bio-oil derived from lignocellulose biomass is an emerging alternative resource to conventional fossil fuel. However, the as-obtained unprocessed bio oil is oxy-rich, has low pH and contains high moisture, which suppresses the heating value; thus, its mixing with conventional fuel is not compatible. Therefore, studies on the upgradation of bio oil using catalytic hydrodeoxygenation (HDO) have become prominent in recent years. This study presents computational fluid dynamics (CFD) based simulation results on the effect of catalysts (Pt/Al2O3, Ni–Mo/Al2O3, Co–Mo/Al2O3) on the upgradation of bio oil using a hydrodeoxygenation process in an ebullated bed reactor. These numerical simulations are performed using an Eulerian multiphase flow module that is available in a commercial CFD based solver, ANSYS Fluent 14.5. Prior to obtaining the new results, the present numerical solution methodology is validated by reproducing some of the experimental results on the upgradation of bio oil available in the literature. Furthermore, the influence of weight hourly space velocities (WHSVs), operating temperature, and pressure inside the reactor for the different catalysts on the performance of HDO for bio oil upgradation in an ebullated bed reactor are delineated. It is observed that the gaseous stream products are higher in the presence of Pt/Al2O3 catalyst; phenols are higher when Ni–Mo/Al2O3 is used, and higher aromatics are obtained with the Co–Mo/Al2O3 catalyst. Finally, a comparison among the mass fraction of the individual species of three phases with respect to different catalysts for various combinations of WHSV, temperature and pressure values are presented.