Abstract
Purpose of review: Biodiversity underpins urban ecosystem functions that are essential for human
health and well-being. Understanding of how biodiversity relates to human health is a developing
frontier for science, policy and practice. This article describes the beneficial, as well as harmful,
aspects of biodiversity to human health in urban environments.
Recent findings: Recent research shows that contact with biodiversity of natural environments within
towns and cities can be both positive and harmful to human physical, mental and social health and
wellbeing. For example, while viruses or pollen can be seriously harmful to human health, biodiverse
ecosystems can promote positive health and well-being. On balance these influences are positive. As
biodiversity is declining at an unprecedented rate, research suggests that its loss could threaten the
quality of life of all humans.
Summary: A key research gap is to understand – and evidence - the specific causal pathways through
which biodiversity affects human health. A mechanistic understanding of pathways linking
biodiversity to human health can facilitate the application of nature-based solutions in public health,
and influence policy. Research integration as well as cross-sector urban policy and planning
development should harness opportunities to better identify linkages between biodiversity, climate
and human health. Given its importance for human health, urban biodiversity conservation should be
considered as public health investment.