Abstract
Base stations (BSs) rely on the massive multiple-input multiple-output (mMIMO) technology in the fifth generation of mobile networks (5G). A technology having a major impact on the nature of the electromagnetic field (EMF) exposure in such systems. This work has used a fully reconfigurable mMIMO testbed (operating at 2.63 GHz), capable of mimicking realistic 5G new radio (NR) BS beamforming performance, to first gather experimental-based evidence of 5G BS EMF exposure within a real-world outdoor environment, to then analyze its stochastic behaviour, and to finally understand its impact on the definition of exclusion boundaries for 5G BSs. The exposure data of our testbed have been complemented by exposure data collected from a typical commercial 5G BS (operating at 3.65 GHz) to confirm the result trends and findings of our analysis. A robust metrology has been followed to obtain all the EMF exposure data. Our data and analysis indicate that significant exposure variations can be noticed according to the beam directions, i.e. the relative position of the exposure measurement location to the beam directions as well as the environment, confirming the stochastic nature of 5G BS exposure. The variance of the exposure tends to decrease as the number of users increase for a constant traffic load. Whereas the exposure grows sub-linearly with the traffic load, regardless of the number of users. As far as the exclusion boundary of 5G BS is concerned, its revised definition based on 95-th percentile seems still not flexible enough to accommodate the deployment of 5G BS in countries/places with stringent EMF exposure limits, as for instance in Belgium.