Abstract
According to the World Health Organization (WHO), the definition of water quality indicators, including contaminants of emerging concern (CECs), associated with the development of multi-barrier approaches for wastewater treatment, are crucial steps towards direct potable reuse of water. The aims of this study were 1) quantifying twelve CECs (including pharmaceutical, stimulant, and artificial sweetener compounds) in both untreated and treated wastewater samples in a Brazilian wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) using bidimensional liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry, allowing the selection of five marker (i.e., priority) CECs; 2) evaluating the adsorption potential of such selected CECs [caffeine, hydrochlorothiazide, saccharin, sucralose (SUC), and sulfamethoxazole (SMX)] onto coconut-shell granular activated carbon (GAC); and 3) investigating the removal of the same CECs by a multi-barrier system (pilot-scale, 350 L h−1) treating the effluent of the WWTP and composed of reverse osmosis (RO), photoperoxidation (UV/H2O2), and filtration with GAC. Such technologies were tested separately and in binary or ternary combinations. Eleven and eight CECs were detected and quantified on the untreated and treated wastewater samples of the Brazilian WWTP, respectively. For the treated wastewater, the concentrations ranged from 499 ng L−1 (SMX) to 87,831 ng L−1 (SUC). The adsorption onto AC data fitted the Sips isotherm model, indicating monolayer chemisorption, which was also suggested by the mean adsorption energy values (>16 kJ mol−1). SMX and SUC were the most and the least adsorbed CECs (4.33 and 1.21 mg g−1, respectively). Concerning the pilot-scale treatment plant, the ternary combination (RO + UV/H2O2+GAC) removed >99% of the five marker CECs and promoted reductions on water color, turbidity, as well as on nitrogen and phosphorus concentrations. Further studies on water reuse could prioritize the selected marker CECs as quality indicators. While the removal of marker CECs is one of the WHO performance requirements, the RO + UV/H2O2+GAC system showed promising results as a first approach to direct potable reuse of water.
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•Sucralose was found ranging from 23,810 to 87,831 ng L−1 on the treated effluent.•Sulfamethoxazole had an adsorption capacity 3.6-fold higher than sucralose.•The adsorption capacity on real effluent compared to water was 49.1% lower for caffeine.•The mean adsorption energy was higher than 16 kJ mol−1, indicating hydrogen bonding.•The scheme RO + UV/H2O2+GAC removed >99% of the selected emerging contaminants.