Abstract
Multiperiod carbon-constrained energy planning considers long-term demand variations as well as progressively stringent CO2 emission limits towards net-zero carbon goals. Previous work on multiperiod energy planning has predominantly focused on the power generation sector. Nevertheless, emissions originating from industries must be mitigated to achieve decarbonisation at different (e.g., corporate, national, or regional) scales. This work develops a multiperiod energy planning model to determine the optimum deployment of energy sources for CO2-intensive industries other than the power generation sector. A hybrid approach is employed in this work, making use of the combined automated targeting model (ATM) and superstructure models. The hybrid approach in this work overcomes the non-linearity in the CO2 intensity calculations. Solving the ATM and superstructure model simultaneously ensures that both demand and CO2 emission limits for all industries are satisfied in each period. The multiperiod energy planning model is demonstrated with a case study with and without CO2 load transfer scenarios. The case study is performed for 21 industries across three 5-year periods. For the CO2 load transfer scenarios, the CO2 emission limits may be violated in earlier periods, triggering CO2 debts. The latter are compensated by CO2 credits in later periods where the total CO2 load is below the emissions limit due to aggressive mitigation strategies. Alternatively, in the absence of CO2 load transfer, the CO2 emission limits for all periods must be satisfied. Results show that the deployment of low-carbon energy sources (e.g., biomass and biogas) is necessary for the satisfaction of the CO2 emission limits within each period. Once CO2capture and storage (CCS) is available, its deployment would complement existing mitigation strategies in later periods. The deployment of CCS on power plants fueled by biomass and biogas make them as negative emissions technologies (NETs) which are useful for CO2 removal (CDR). The development of the multiperiod energy planning model in this work allows decarbonisation strategies to be simultaneously employed across all industries for a cumulative CO2 emissions reduction.