Abstract
Load transfer mechanisms in ground anchors have been studied using analytical and numerical methods. A method based on the minimum potential energy theorem has been used to obtain the differential equations governing the load-displacement behaviour of a ground anchor. The load distribution in a ground anchor has been identified by solving the governing differential equations. The stress distribution and load-displacement behaviour of ground anchors has been studied using the finite element method. Failure at the grout-ground interface is the most common cause of anchor failure. Attempts have been made to model the grout-ground interface using a variety of approaches. Calibration of the numerical model and obtaining characteristic parameters for the interfaces has been carried out by minimising the discrepancy between experimental data and numerical analysis results. The minimisation has been carried out using genetic algorithm, which has made it possible to obtain the interface parameters from simple pull-out tests, without expensive laboratory and / or field tests. Based on the available experimental data and the findings from theoretical studies, recommendations have been made to modify the equations currently used in the design of ground anchors. Moreover, the potential application of neural network techniques to ground anchor design has been discussed. Furthermore, a simple spreadsheet model has been developed to facilitate routine study of the load distribution and load-displacement behaviour of a ground anchor. Finally, recommendations are made for further study and research.