Abstract
This paper presents a concise review of objective function formulations employed for optimizing the sizing of powertrain components in electric and hybrid electric powertrains, within the scope of the EU-funded Horizon Eu-rope ESCALATE project. The objective is to analyze the techniques used to achieve improved performance and efficiency for powertrains. Efficient utilization of available energy sources, improved range, reduced GHG emissions, and overall system performance are crucial goals. Objective function formulations serve as essential tools for achieving these objectives. A broad spectrum of optimization techniques is employed in the objective function formulations for electric and hybrid electric vehicles (EVs/HEVs). These include multiple objective functions which simultaneously optimize con-flicting/complementary goals, allowing for trade-offs and Pareto-optimal solutions. The review explores the key parameters considered during the optimization process, with a focus on the sizing of electric powertrain components. The goal is to identify the optimal combination of these variables to achieve an optimal powertrain design that maximizes energy efficiency while minimizing cost and environmental impact. Furthermore, the review delves into the challenges and prospects of objective function formulations in the context of electric and hybrid electric powertrains, including the potential to focus on sustainability of designs which has not previously been researched.