Abstract
The modelling and simulation (M&S) literature identifies two forms of hybrid studies—hybrid simulation (HS) and hybrid model (HM). While HS is the combined application of simulation techniques such as discrete-event simulation, agent-based simulation and system dynamics, HM has a cross-disciplinary focus; the objective is to apply research paradigms and approaches, conceptualisations and frameworks, methods, tools and techniques from disciplines such as computer science, engineering, OR and economics in one or more stages of an M&S study. The growing volume of literature on HS evidences the shift from conventional (one-technique) models to HS. It is expected that HM will follow the same trajectory. However, further studies are essential in contextualising hybrid M&S research and identifying opportunities for hybridisation. Towards this, three related themes of research are explored: (a) conceptualisation of HM in the context of the lifecycle of an M&S study, (b) a classification scheme, and (c) mapping existing literature in HS and HM. The themes are based on a series of authors’ papers published in the Journal of the Operational Research Society and the Winter Simulation Conference. The chapter concludes with an integrative taxonomical framework that identifies the current advances and opportunities for future research in hybrid M&S.